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High Alien
Technology & Inventions

In addition to writing,
the Sumerians should also be credited
with the
invention of printing. They used ready-made "type" of the various pictograph signs... which they used, as we use rubber stamps to impress the desired
sequence of signs in the wet clay. They also invented the
fore-runner
of our Rotary presses, the "cylinder seal". Made of extremely hard stone.
It was a small cylinder into which the message or design... had been
engraved in reverse: (Whenever the seal was rolled on the wet clay,
the
imprint created a "positive" impression on the clay.

Many Sumerian and Mesopotamian...
written records concerned themselves,
not necessarily with the divine or spiritual, but with such daily tasks as
recording crops, measuring fields, and
calculating prices. No high civilization would have been possible... without a parallel advanced system
in Mathematics.

Mathematics
The Sumerian System, called "sexagesimal", combined a mundane 10...
with a "celestial" 6, to obtain the base figure 60. This system is in some
ways
superior to our present one, and much superior to later Greek and
Roman systems. It enabled Sumerians to divide into fractions and multiply
into
the million, to calculate roots or raise numbers several powers.
This was not only
the first known mathematical system, but also one that
gave us... the "place" concept: Just as, (in the decimal system), 2
can
be
2 or 20 or 200, depending on the digits place, so could a Sumerian 2
mean 2, or 120 (2 x 60), and so
on, depending on the place.
The 360 degree circle,
the foot and its 12 inches, and the "dozen" as
a unit, are but a few examples of the vestiges of Sumerian Mathematics,
still evident in our daily lives.
Their achievements in Astronomy, the establishment of a calendar, and
similar mathematical feats will come up later.


Historical Documents
Just as our own economic and social
system: Our
books, court and
tax records, commercial contracts, marriage
certificates, and so on...
depends on paper. Sumerian / Mesopotamian
life depended on clay.
Temples, courts, and trading houses,
had their scribes ready with
tablets
of
wet clay, on which to inscribe all.
Clay was also crucial
raw material...
for the manufacture of utensils
for daily life, containers
for storage and transportation of goods. It was
also used to make
bricks… another Sumerian
"first", which made possible the building
of
houses for the people, palaces
for Kings, and the imposing temples
of the
gods.

Clay Pottery,
Stella and Sculptures
The Sumerians are credited with two technological breakthroughs...
that
made it possible to combine lightness with tensile strength, for
all clay products: "reinforcing and
firing" .
Modern architects... have discovered
that reinforced concrete, an
extremely
strong building material, can be created
by pouring cement
into molds... containing iron rods; long ago, the Sumerians gave their
bricks great
strength... by mixing the wet clay with chopped reeds
or straw.

They also knew...
that clay products could be given
tensile strength and
durability by firing them in a kiln. The first high-rise buildings and archways,
as well as durable ceramic wares were
made possible... by these
technological breakthroughs.
The invention of the kiln...
a furnace in which intense, (but controllable temperatures), could be attained
without the risk of contaminating products
with dust or ashes made possible... an even greater technological advance:
The Age of Metals.

The Age of Metals

The first hammered metal artifacts...
were found in the highlands of the
Zagros and Taurus mountains. However, as R. J. Forbes (the Birthplace
of Old World Metallurgy), pointed out, " in the ancient Near East, the supply
of Native Copper was quickly exhausted,
and the miner had to turn to ores.
This required the knowledge and ability...
to find and extract the ores,
crush them, then smelt and refine them.
Processes that could not have
been carried out, without kiln-type furnaces and a generally advanced
technology.
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The Art of Metallurgy... soon encompassed
the ability to alloy copper
with
other metals, resulting in a hard, but malleable metal, we call Bronze.
The Bronze Age, our first Metallurgical Age, was also a Mesopotamian
contribution... to modern civilization.
Much of ancient commerce, was devoted to the metals trade, it also
formed the basis... for the development in Mesopotamia of banking, and
the
first money… the silver shekel ("weighed ingot").
The many varieties...
of metals and alloys for which Sumerian and
Akkadian
names... have been found, and the extensive technological
terminology... attest to the high level of metallurgy... in ancient Mesopotamia.
For a while this
puzzled scholars, because Sumer, as such, was devoid
of metal ores, yet metallurgy... most definitely began there.

Energy and Fuels
The answer is energy.
Smelting, refining, and alloying, as well as
casting, could not be done... without ample
supplies of fuels to fire the
kilns, crucibles and furnaces. Mesopotamia may have lacked ores,
but it had
fuels... in abundance. So the ores were brought to the fuels,
which explains many early inscriptions... describing the bringing of
metal ores, from afar.
The fuels... that made Sumer technologically supreme, were bitumen
and
asphalt, petroleum products, that naturally seeped up to the surface,
in many places in Mesopotamia.
R. J. Forbes
(Bitumen and Petroleum in Antiquity), shows that the
surface
deposits... of Mesopotamia, were the ancient world’s prime
source of
fuels, from the earliest times... to the Roman era. His
conclusion is that the
technological use of these petroleum products,
began in Sumer, circa
3500 BC, indeed, he shows that the use
and knowledge of fuels, and
their
properties, were greater in
Sumerian times... than in later civilizations.
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The Sumerians used petroleum products,
not only as fuels, but also
as road building materials for water-proofing, chalking, painting, cementing
and molding... there was a "mound of bitumen", in Ur. Forbes shows...
that
the Sumerian language... had terms for every genus, and variant of
bituminous substances found in Mesopotamia.
For example,
the most common word for petroleum, "Naphta", derives
from
"Napatu", "stones that flare up".
The Sumerian use of petroleum products, was also basic to an
advanced chemistry and alchemy. The
high level of Sumerian knowledge
in the variety
of paints and pigments used... and such processes... as
glazing, as well as the remarkable artificial production... of semi-precious
stones, including a substitute for Lapis Lazuli.
Bitumens... were also used in Sumerian Medicine, another field
where
the
standards were impressively high. Hundreds of Akkadian
texts... that
have been
found, employ Sumerian Medical terms and
phrases extensively, pointing to
the Sumerian origin... of all Mesopotamia medicine. They were
very advanced in cloning.

The texts were divided into 3 groups: Bultitu "therapy", Shipir-bel-imti
"surgery", and urti-mashmashshe " commands and incantations".

Ancient Law and Medicine
Early law codes...
included sections dealing with fees payable to
surgeons for successful operations, and
penalties to be imposed
on them ... in the case of failure: A surgeon, using a lancet, to open
a patient’s temple, was to
lose his hand... if he accidentally destroyed
the patient’s eye.
Some skeletons in Mesopotamian graves...
bore unmistakable
marks...
of brain surgery. A partially broken medical text... speaks
of the
surgical removal of a "shadow... covering a man’s eye",
probably
a cataract. Another text.... mentions the use of a cutting
instrument,
stating that "if the sickness
reached inside the bone,
you shall scrape
and remove".
Sick persons... in Sumerian times, could choose between an A.ZU
(water physician), or an IA.ZU (oil physician). A seal depicted surgical
tongs... and also shows the serpent on the tree, the symbol of medicine...
to this very
day.

Sumerian texts... deal with diagnosis and prescriptions. They recommended
cleaning and washing, soaking in baths of hot water and mineral solvents,
application of vegetable derivatives, rubbing and petroleum compounds.
Medicines were made... from plant and mineral compounds and were
mixed
with liquids or solvents. Appropriate to the method of application.
If
taken by mouth, the powders were mixed with wine, beer, or honey,
if "poured through the rectum", administered in an enema, they were
mixed with plant or vegetable oils. They were advanced in cloning,
DNA
and
alchemy.

Alcohol, which plays such an important role...
in surgical disinfecting,
and as a base for many medicines, reached our language through
the Arabic
: "Kohl", from the Akkadian "kuhlu". Models of livers... indicate
that medicine was taught at medical schools... with the aid of clay
models... of human organs. Anatomy must have been an advanced
science, for temple rituals called for elaborate dissections... of
sacrificial animals.
Sumerians and their successors were concerned...
with matters
of life,
sickness, and death. Men like "Gilgamesh", a King of Erech,
sought the
"Tree of Life", or some mineral (a stone), that could provide
eternal youth.
There were also references to efforts to resurrect the dead, especially
if they happened to be gods.

"Upon the corpse, hung from the pole, they directed the pulse and
the Radiance. Sixty times the water of life, sixty times the food of life,
they sprinkled upon it, and Inanna arose".
There were some secret methods, about which.... we can only speculate,
known and used in such revival attempts. Many "Fakirs" in India... still
know the secrets and practice the art.

The First Clothing
in History
One of Sumer’s earliest material achievements...
was the
development of textile and clothing
industries. Our own industrial
revolution is considered to have commenced
with the introduction
of spinning or weaving machines in
England... in the 1760’s. Man
could not have made woven fabrics...
before the advent of agriculture,
which provided him with flax, and the domestication of animals, creating
a source for wool.
The Book of Joshua...
reports that during the storming of Jericho, a
certain person could not
resist the temptation to keep "one good coat
of
Shinar", which he had found in the city, even though... the penalty was
death. So highly prized....
were the garments of "Shinar" (Sumer), that
people were willing to risk their lives... to obtain them.

A rich terminology...
already existed in Sumerian times...
to describe
both items of clothing and their makers. The basic garment... was
called "Tug", without a doubt, the forerunner... to the Roman "Toga".
Another major Sumerian achievement... was its agriculture. In a
land
with only seasonal rain.... the rivers were enlisted to water year
round
crops....
through a vast system of canals.
Mesopotamia the land
between the rivers… was a veritable
food basket in ancient times.

The First Boats
and Seafaring Ships

They made the worlds first boats,
using the canal system... for easy
water borne transportation of people, goods,
and cattle. They also
engaged in deep-water seafaring, using a variety of ships to reach
faraway lands... in search of metals, rare woods, and other materials.
They produced many specialized sea vessels.
Over land... they used
carts and chariots, as well as their air ships.

Tablets of Sumer
The Table of Contents... from the Tablets of Sumer,
is an encyclopedia
in itself, for each one of the 25 chapters... described a "Sumerian" (first), including the first schools, the first bicameral congress, the first historian,
the first pharmacopoeia, the first "farmer’s almanac", the first cosmogony
and cosmology, the first job, the
first proverbs and sayings, the first
literary debates, the first "Noah", the
first library catalog, the first law
codes
and social reforms, his first medicine, agriculture, and man’s search for
harmony in the world.

The First
Musical Instruments
The Sumerians and their successors...
had a full musical life, we
find a great variety of musical instruments, as well as singers and dancers.
As we contemplate the great Sumerian civilization, we find... that not only
are
our morals and our sense of justice, our laws and architecture,
our arts
and technology... rooted in Sumer, but the Sumerian institutions...
are so
familiar, so close. At heart, it would seem, we are all
Sumerians.
And their appearance...
in the history of man was
sudden, unexpected
and out of Nowhere! With stunning abruptness… there appears in
this little Sumerian mud garden... the whole cultural syndrome... that has constituted
the germinal unit of all the high civilizations of the world.
Links:
Encyclopedia of the Orient

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©
Z. Sitchin
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